Higbee Honey Healing Salve is a powerful blend of wild harvested and Organic herbs selected for maximum efficacy in healing a diverse range of skin trauma and inflammation, cuts, bruises, and burns.

Use our healing salve for:

Rashes, bacterial infections, boils, burns, deep tissue injuries, bruises, abrasions, chafing, dry skin, cracked heels, elbows, acne, eczema, dermatitis, psoriasis, fungal infections, cuts, stings, bites, poison ivy, poison sumac, sunburns, etc.

The following info. is divided into two sections.

The first section is dedicated to the quick lookup of herbal ingredients used to treat a specific topical condition. 

The second section focuses on each herbal ingredient in Higbee Honey's Healing Salve and it's effective use for specific conditions.

What you've got:

Skin Rashes and Hives

When dealing with skin rashes, several herbal ingredients are known for their soothing and healing properties. Here are some of the best topical herbal ingredients:

1. Aloe Vera: Known for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, it can help calm irritated skin and promote healing.

2. Calendula: Often used for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, calendula can help reduce redness and swelling.

3. Chamomile: With anti-inflammatory and calming effects, chamomile can soothe irritated skin and reduce inflammation.

4. Lavender: Known for its calming scent, lavender oil also has anti-inflammatory and antiseptic properties that can benefit irritated skin.

5. Tea Tree Oil: Renowned for its antimicrobial properties, tea tree oil can help prevent infection and reduce inflammation.

6. Neem: Traditionally used in Ayurvedic medicine, neem has anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties that can help with various skin conditions.

7. Witch Hazel: This astringent can help reduce inflammation and soothe irritated skin.

8. St. John’s Wort: Known for its healing properties, it can help with skin irritation and promote healing.

9. Burdock Root: Traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory and detoxifying properties, it may help with skin conditions.

10. Comfrey: Contains allantoin, which can promote skin cell regeneration and help soothe irritation.

Always remember to perform a patch test when trying a new herbal remedy, and consult a healthcare professional if you have any concerns about a skin rash.

Abrasions and Bruises

For treating abrasions and bruises, several herbal ingredients are known for their healing and soothing properties. Here are some of the best topical options:

1. Arnica: Commonly used for bruises and muscle soreness, arnica can help reduce swelling and promote healing.

2. Calendula: With its anti-inflammatory and healing properties, calendula can aid in the recovery of abrasions and minor wounds.

3. Comfrey: Known for its ability to promote tissue regeneration, comfrey can help heal skin injuries and bruises.

4. Aloe Vera: Its soothing and moisturizing properties can help with healing and prevent further irritation.

5. Witch Hazel: An astringent that can reduce inflammation and promote healing, witch hazel is effective for bruises.

6. Lavender Oil: Beyond its calming scent, lavender has anti-inflammatory properties and can help soothe skin irritations and promote healing.

7. Chamomile: With its soothing properties, chamomile can help reduce inflammation and promote healing in minor abrasions.

8. St. John’s Wort: Known for its healing benefits, it can help with bruising and skin repair.

9. Neem: This herb has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties that can aid in healing abrasions and preventing infection.

10. Basil: Certain varieties, like holy basil, have anti-inflammatory properties that may help soothe skin injuries.

As always, perform a patch test before using any new herbal remedy, and consult with a healthcare professional for significant injuries or concerns.

Burns

When treating burns, several herbal ingredients are recognized for their soothing, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties. Here are some of the best topical herbal options:

1. Aloe Vera: Renowned for its cooling and soothing effects, aloe vera helps hydrate the skin and promotes healing of minor burns.

2. Lavender Essential Oil: Known for its calming properties, lavender can help reduce pain and inflammation associated with burns.

3. Calendula: With its anti-inflammatory and healing properties, calendula can support recovery and reduce irritation from burns.

4. Chamomile: This herb is known for its soothing properties and can help calm inflamed skin and promote healing.

5. Honey: Although not an herb, raw honey has natural antibacterial and healing properties that can be beneficial for burns.

6. Tea Tree Oil: With its antimicrobial properties, tea tree oil can help prevent infection and promote healing in burned skin.

7. Comfrey: Known for its ability to aid tissue regeneration, comfrey can be helpful for healing minor burns.

8. St. John’s Wort: This herb has anti-inflammatory properties that can help soothe burns and promote healing.

9. Neem: With its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, neem can assist in healing burns and preventing infection.

10. Marshmallow Root: Known for its soothing properties, marshmallow can help hydrate and protect the skin.

Always seek medical advice for severe burns, and consider patch testing any new herbal remedy before use.

Eczema, Dermatitis, and Psoriasis

For managing eczema, dermatitis, and psoriasis, several herbal ingredients are known for their soothing, anti-inflammatory, and healing properties. Here are some of the best topical options:

1. Aloe Vera: Its cooling and hydrating properties can soothe irritated skin and reduce inflammation.

2. Calendula: Known for its anti-inflammatory and healing effects, calendula can help calm flare-ups and promote skin repair.

3. Chamomile: With its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties, chamomile can help reduce redness and irritation.

4. Tea Tree Oil: Renowned for its antimicrobial properties, it can help prevent infections and reduce inflammation associated with skin conditions.

5. Jojoba Oil: Similar in composition to natural skin oils, jojoba oil moisturizes and helps restore the skin barrier.

6. Coconut Oil: Known for its moisturizing and antibacterial properties, coconut oil can help hydrate and protect the skin.

7. Oatmeal (Colloidal Oatmeal): This natural ingredient has soothing properties that can relieve itching and irritation.

8. Neem: With its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, neem can help manage symptoms of eczema and psoriasis.

9. Witch Hazel: Its astringent and anti-inflammatory properties can help soothe irritated skin and reduce itching.

10. Burdock Root: Traditionally used for its anti-inflammatory properties, burdock root can support skin health and alleviate symptoms.

11. St. John’s Wort: Known for its healing properties, it can help reduce inflammation and promote skin regeneration.

Always remember to patch test any new herbal remedy and consult a healthcare professional for persistent or severe skin conditions.

Bug Bites and Stings

For soothing bug bites and stings, several herbal ingredients are known for their anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, and calming properties. Here are some of the best topical options:

1. Aloe Vera: Its cooling and soothing properties help reduce redness, swelling, and itching from insect bites.

2. Tea Tree Oil: Known for its antimicrobial properties, tea tree oil can help prevent infection and reduce inflammation.

3. Lavender Oil: With its calming scent and anti-inflammatory properties, lavender oil can soothe itching and promote healing.

4. Calendula: This herb has anti-inflammatory and healing properties, making it effective for reducing irritation from bites and stings.

5. Chamomile: Known for its soothing effects, chamomile can help relieve itching and reduce inflammation.

6. Witch Hazel: An astringent that can help soothe irritated skin and reduce swelling and itching from bites.

7. Baking Soda Paste: While not an herb, a paste made from baking soda and water can help neutralize itching and irritation.

8. Peppermint Oil: Its cooling sensation can provide relief from itching and irritation caused by bug bites.

9. Neem Oil: Known for its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, neem can help soothe irritated skin and prevent infection.

10. Honey: While not an herb, raw honey has natural antibacterial properties and can help soothe and heal bites.

Always conduct a patch test with any new remedy and consult a healthcare professional if you have severe reactions to bug bites or stings.

Cuts and Lacerations

For treating cuts and lacerations, several herbal ingredients are known for their healing, antiseptic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Here are some of the best topical options:

1. Aloe Vera: Known for its soothing and hydrating properties, aloe vera promotes healing and helps prevent infection.

2. Calendula: This herb has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties, making it effective for promoting healing and reducing irritation.

3. Comfrey: Contains allantoin, which can aid in tissue regeneration and speed up the healing process for cuts and lacerations.

4. Tea Tree Oil: Renowned for its antiseptic properties, tea tree oil can help prevent infections in open wounds.

5. Lavender Oil: With its calming and antimicrobial properties, lavender oil can soothe the skin and promote healing.

6. Chamomile: Known for its anti-inflammatory and calming effects, chamomile can help reduce irritation and promote healing.

7. St. John’s Wort: This herb has anti-inflammatory and healing properties that can assist in the recovery of cuts and lacerations.

8. Honey: Raw honey has natural antibacterial and wound-healing properties, making it beneficial for treating cuts.

9. Witch Hazel: Its astringent properties can help reduce inflammation and promote healing in minor cuts.

10. Neem Oil: With its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties, neem oil can help soothe cuts and prevent infection.

Always clean the wound properly before applying any herbal remedy, and consult a healthcare professional for severe cuts or if signs of infection develop.

What we've got:

Higbee Honey Healing Salve

Ingredients

Juniper Berries

Juniper berries are known for their various medicinal properties, particularly in topical applications. Here are some of their key herbal medicinal properties:

1. Antimicrobial: Juniper berries have natural antibacterial and antifungal properties, making them useful for preventing infections in minor cuts and wounds.

2. Anti-inflammatory: The anti-inflammatory effects can help reduce redness, swelling, and irritation in the skin, making them beneficial for conditions like acne and eczema.

3. Astringent: Juniper has astringent properties that can help tighten and tone the skin, which can be useful for managing oily skin and reducing the appearance of pores.

4. Diuretic: While primarily a property of internal use, the diuretic nature can support detoxification when used in topical preparations, promoting clearer skin.

5. Antiseptic: The antiseptic properties help cleanse wounds and prevent infections, promoting faster healing.

6. Relaxant: The calming effects of juniper can help soothe irritation and stress on the skin, which may benefit conditions exacerbated by stress.

7. Wound healing: Juniper can promote faster healing of minor wounds and cuts due to its overall beneficial properties.

8. Skin tonic: Juniper berries can be used in formulations aimed at improving overall skin health and appearance.

When using juniper berries topically, it's essential to ensure proper dilution and conduct a patch test, as some individuals may have sensitivities. Always consult a healthcare professional for serious skin conditions.

Yarrow

Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) is a versatile herb known for its various topical medicinal properties. Here are some of the key benefits:

1. Wound Healing: Yarrow is traditionally used to promote the healing of cuts, scrapes, and other wounds due to its ability to enhance tissue regeneration.

2. Antimicrobial: It has natural antibacterial and antifungal properties, which can help prevent infections in minor wounds.

3. Anti-inflammatory: Yarrow can reduce inflammation, making it useful for conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and other skin irritations.

4. Astringent: The astringent properties help tighten the skin and can reduce excess oil production, making it beneficial for oily or acne-prone skin.

5. Pain Relief: Yarrow may provide relief from pain and discomfort associated with minor injuries, insect bites, and skin irritations.

6. Hemostatic: Known for its ability to stop bleeding, yarrow can be particularly effective in treating minor cuts and abrasions.

7. Skin Soothing: Yarrow can help calm irritated skin, providing relief from itching and redness.

8. Antioxidant: The presence of antioxidants can help protect the skin from environmental damage and promote overall skin health.

Yarrow can be used in various forms, such as infusions, salves, or essential oils. As always, it's advisable to perform a patch test and consult a healthcare professional for significant skin issues or concerns.

Calendula

Calendula (Calendula officinalis) is a well-regarded herb known for its numerous topical medicinal properties. Here are some of the key benefits:

1. Anti-inflammatory: Calendula is highly effective in reducing inflammation, making it beneficial for conditions like eczema, dermatitis, and other skin irritations.

2. Wound Healing: It promotes the healing of cuts, scrapes, and minor wounds by enhancing tissue regeneration and reducing scar formation.

3. Antimicrobial: Calendula has natural antibacterial and antifungal properties, which help prevent infections in broken skin.

4. Soothing: The herb is known for its calming effects on the skin, alleviating redness, itching, and discomfort from various skin conditions.

5. Astringent: Calendula can help tighten and tone the skin, making it useful for managing oily skin and minimizing the appearance of pores.

6. Antioxidant: The antioxidants present in calendula can help protect the skin from environmental damage and promote overall skin health.

7. Moisturizing: Calendula-infused oils and creams can help hydrate the skin, making it useful for dry and cracked skin.

8. Skin Regeneration: It encourages the growth of new cells, aiding in the recovery of damaged skin and reducing the risk of scarring.

Calendula can be used in various forms, including creams, ointments, and infused oils. Always consider performing a patch test and consulting with a healthcare professional for specific skin concerns.

St. John's Wort

St. John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is well-regarded in herbal medicine, particularly for its topical applications. Here are some of its key topical properties:

1. Anti-inflammatory: St. John’s Wort is often used to reduce inflammation when applied to the skin. It can help with conditions like arthritis, sprains, and other inflammatory skin ailments.

2. Antimicrobial: This herb has mild antimicrobial effects, which may help protect against bacterial or fungal infections when applied to minor wounds or cuts.

3. Wound Healing: St. John's Wort is commonly used in ointments and salves to promote wound healing and reduce scar formation. It’s believed to support tissue regeneration, making it helpful for burns, cuts, and abrasions.

4. Pain Relief: The herb has analgesic properties, making it effective for relieving nerve pain, including sciatica and neuropathic pain.

5. Antiviral: Some studies suggest St. John’s Wort may have antiviral properties, which can be helpful in managing cold sores and herpes lesions.

6. Anti-Bruising: St. John’s Wort can help reduce bruising and swelling, aiding in faster recovery from minor injuries and skin discoloration due to impact.

7. Soothing Skin Irritations: It’s also used to soothe various skin conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and minor rashes.

When using St. John’s Wort topically, it’s often applied as an infused oil, salve, or cream. However, be aware that it can make the skin more sensitive to sunlight, so avoid exposure to the sun on areas treated with it to prevent photosensitivity reactions.

Mullein

Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is a versatile herb with a range of medicinal properties for topical applications. Here are some key benefits:

1. Anti-inflammatory: Mullein helps reduce inflammation, making it useful for soothing skin conditions such as eczema, rashes, and minor burns. Its calming properties can ease redness and swelling.

2. Antimicrobial: Mullein has mild antimicrobial properties, which can help prevent infection in minor cuts, wounds, and scrapes.

3. Analgesic (Pain Relief): The herb is traditionally used to alleviate pain from bruises, sprains, and sore muscles when applied as a poultice or infused oil.

4. Skin Soothing: Mullein’s mucilaginous nature helps it soothe dry, irritated, or chapped skin. It provides a protective layer, which can be helpful for healing and moisture retention.

5. Wound Healing: Mullein may aid in healing minor wounds, abrasions, and insect bites. Its gentle astringent properties can help promote tissue repair.

6. Anti-fungal: Mullein has mild antifungal properties, making it useful for conditions like athlete's foot and other fungal skin infections.

7. Respiratory Support (Topical): Mullein is often used in chest rubs or compresses for its respiratory benefits. Applied to the chest, it can help alleviate coughs, congestion, and other respiratory discomforts.

Mullein is commonly used as an infused oil, poultice, or salve for topical applications. It is generally well-tolerated and considered gentle on the skin, but as with any herb, it's advisable to test on a small area first to check for potential sensitivities.

Chickweed

Chickweed (Stellaria media) is a gentle yet powerful herb known for its skin-soothing properties. Here are some of its key topical medicinal benefits:

1. Anti-inflammatory: Chickweed is commonly used to reduce inflammation, making it effective for conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and rashes. It helps to soothe and cool inflamed, red, or swollen skin.

2. Antipruritic (Itch Relief): Chickweed is excellent for relieving itching and irritation, which is particularly helpful for bug bites, poison ivy, and other itchy skin conditions.

3. Skin Soothing and Emollient: Chickweed is a natural emollient, meaning it helps moisturize and soften the skin. This makes it beneficial for dry, chapped, or sensitive skin.

4. Wound Healing: The herb’s gentle astringent and healing properties make it effective for minor cuts, scrapes, and abrasions. It can help speed up the healing process and minimize scarring.

5. Cooling and Moisturizing: Chickweed is known for its cooling effect on the skin, which can help relieve heat-related skin discomforts such as sunburns.

6. Antimicrobial: Chickweed has mild antimicrobial properties, which may help protect against infections in minor wounds or inflamed skin.

7. Lymphatic Support: Applied topically, chickweed can promote lymphatic circulation and drainage, making it helpful for swollen or congested areas of the body.

Chickweed is commonly used in salves, poultices, and infused oils. It’s gentle and suitable for sensitive skin, providing rapid relief and a sense of cooling comfort, especially for irritated or inflamed areas.

Plantain

Plantain (Plantago major or Plantago lanceolata) is a highly regarded herb for skin care and wound healing. Here are its primary topical medicinal properties:

1. Anti-inflammatory: Plantain is effective for reducing inflammation and soothing irritated skin, making it useful for conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and general redness.

2. Wound Healing: It is well-known for its ability to promote wound healing. Plantain helps speed up tissue repair and minimizes scarring in cuts, scrapes, and other minor injuries.

3. Antimicrobial: Plantain has antimicrobial properties, which can help prevent infection in wounds, cuts, and scrapes, as well as in bug bites and stings.

4. Pain Relief: Its analgesic qualities can relieve pain and discomfort from wounds, burns, and rashes, helping to soothe the skin.

5. Anti-itch: Plantain is effective for relieving itching, making it beneficial for insect bites, stings, and contact dermatitis. Its soothing effect reduces the urge to scratch and promotes healing.

6. Astringent: Plantain’s astringent properties help tighten tissues and reduce bleeding, making it useful for minor wounds and cuts. It can also help dry out pimples and other minor skin eruptions.

7. Detoxifying and Drawing: Plantain acts as a "drawing" agent, meaning it can help pull out splinters, pus, or toxins from infected areas, which can be especially useful in poultices for boils, abscesses, or other skin infections.

8. Moisturizing and Soothing: Plantain is a natural emollient, which can help moisturize dry or chapped skin and provide soothing relief.

Plantain is often used as a poultice, salve, or infused oil. It is gentle on the skin and safe for most people, providing a versatile option for a variety of skin and wound care needs.

Mugwort

Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) has a range of beneficial properties for topical use. Here are some of its primary medicinal benefits when applied to the skin:

1. Anti-inflammatory: Mugwort helps reduce inflammation and can be used for conditions like eczema, psoriasis, and other skin irritations, providing soothing relief and reducing redness.

2. Antimicrobial: Mugwort has antibacterial and antifungal properties, which can help protect against infections in minor cuts, scrapes, or irritated areas of the skin.

3. Pain Relief and Muscle Relaxant: Traditionally, mugwort has been used to relieve muscle and joint pain. It’s commonly used in massage oils and compresses for arthritis, sprains, and muscle soreness.

4. Wound Healing: Mugwort can promote wound healing by encouraging tissue regeneration and preventing infections, making it suitable for minor cuts, scrapes, and abrasions.

5. Skin Soothing and Moisturizing: Its natural emollient properties help soothe and hydrate dry, chapped, or irritated skin, making it beneficial for those with sensitive skin.

6. Anti-Itch: Mugwort can be used to relieve itching, making it effective for bug bites, stings, and minor skin rashes.

7. Circulatory Stimulant: Mugwort can stimulate blood circulation, which may aid in reducing bruising and swelling in areas where it is applied.

8. Antioxidant: Mugwort contains antioxidants that can help protect the skin from environmental damage and may support overall skin health and vitality.

Mugwort is typically used in the form of infused oils, salves, or poultices. It is known for its gentle action on the skin but should be patch-tested first, as some people may have sensitivities. It’s also used in traditional practices like moxibustion, where mugwort is burned near acupuncture points to warm and stimulate specific areas on the body.

Comfrey

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale) is a powerful medicinal herb, especially known for its ability to support wound and bone healing. Here are its primary topical medicinal properties:

1. Wound Healing: Comfrey is famous for its ability to accelerate tissue repair, making it ideal for cuts, scrapes, and other minor wounds. Its main compound, allantoin, promotes cell regeneration and helps heal skin quickly.

2. Anti-inflammatory: Comfrey can help reduce inflammation, making it effective for conditions like arthritis, sprains, and other joint or muscle-related pains. It's commonly used to soothe inflamed or swollen areas.

3. Pain Relief: The herb has mild analgesic properties, which can help alleviate pain from bruises, sprains, and fractures. It’s particularly useful in poultices or compresses for painful areas.

4. Bone and Tissue Healing: Known as "bone knit" in traditional medicine, comfrey is used to help support bone healing in fractures and tissue repair in strains and sprains. It is often applied as a poultice to promote rapid healing of injured areas.

5. Anti-bruising: Comfrey can reduce bruising and swelling, making it a popular remedy for contusions and other impact injuries.

6. Moisturizing and Soothing: Comfrey is also a gentle emollient, making it beneficial for dry, chapped, or irritated skin, as it provides moisture and supports skin repair.

7. Scar Reduction: Comfrey may help reduce scar formation when applied to healing wounds due to its cell-regenerative properties.

Precautions: While comfrey is very effective topically, it should not be used on deep or puncture wounds due to its rapid healing properties, which could close the surface before deeper healing occurs. Additionally, because it contains compounds called pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which can be toxic to the liver if absorbed in large amounts, comfrey is typically used only on unbroken skin and not for extended periods.

Comfrey is commonly applied as a poultice, salve, or infused oil to promote effective and rapid healing.

Grindelia

Grindelia (Grindelia spp.), also known as gumweed, is a versatile herb traditionally used for its soothing and protective effects on the skin. Here are some of its key topical medicinal properties:

1. Anti-inflammatory: Grindelia can reduce inflammation, making it beneficial for conditions like eczema, dermatitis, and other skin irritations. It helps calm redness and swelling.

2. Antiseptic: This herb has mild antiseptic properties, which can help cleanse and protect minor wounds, cuts, and scrapes from infection.

3. Anti-itch: Grindelia is effective for soothing itching, especially from insect bites, poison oak/ivy, and other allergic skin reactions. Its cooling effect can relieve discomfort and prevent scratching.

4. Pain Relief: The herb’s analgesic properties make it helpful in alleviating pain associated with skin irritations, burns, and rashes. It provides a numbing effect on irritated skin.

5. Respiratory Support (Topical): Grindelia is sometimes applied to the chest as a poultice for respiratory issues, as its aromatic compounds can help open the airways and relieve congestion.

6. Healing and Protective: Grindelia’s resinous nature forms a protective barrier over the skin, which can aid in healing and prevent further irritation. This can be particularly beneficial for burns, blisters, and minor wounds.

7. Astringent: Grindelia has mild astringent properties, helping to tighten and tone the skin, which can assist in the healing of rashes and small abrasions.

Grindelia is commonly used as a poultice, infused oil, or salve for skin conditions and respiratory issues. It is generally safe for external use but should be patch-tested first, as some individuals may be sensitive to its resinous compounds.

Higbee Honey

Honey has been valued for centuries for its healing and skin-soothing properties. Here are some of the primary topical medicinal benefits of honey:

1. Antibacterial: Honey, particularly raw and manuka honey, has strong antibacterial properties, which can help prevent and treat infections in wounds, cuts, and scrapes. It contains hydrogen peroxide and other compounds that inhibit bacterial growth.

2. Anti-inflammatory: Honey can reduce inflammation, making it useful for calming conditions such as eczema, psoriasis, and acne. It helps soothe redness, swelling, and irritation.

3. Moisturizing and Humectant: Honey is a natural humectant, meaning it draws moisture into the skin. It’s highly beneficial for dry, chapped, or dehydrated skin and is commonly used in hydrating face masks and skin treatments.

4. Wound Healing: Honey promotes wound healing by creating a moist environment that supports cell growth and tissue regeneration. It also helps in reducing scarring and accelerating recovery.

5. Antioxidant: Rich in antioxidants, honey can help protect the skin from oxidative stress and environmental damage, supporting overall skin health and vitality.

6. Exfoliating: Honey contains natural enzymes that can gently exfoliate the skin, removing dead skin cells and leaving the skin smooth and refreshed.

7. Anti-itch: Honey’s soothing properties make it effective in reducing itching from conditions like bug bites, rashes, and allergic skin reactions.

8. Anti-fungal: Honey has mild antifungal properties, which may help treat and prevent fungal skin infections such as athlete's foot and ringworm.

Honey is commonly applied directly to the skin, either alone or mixed into creams, salves, and masks. It is gentle, safe for most skin types, and can be especially effective when used as a natural wound dressing. Manuka honey, in particular, is known for its superior antibacterial activity due to its high concentration of methylglyoxal.